Live Streaming Server Video Technology in 2024

A live streaming server is a specialized type of server that is designed to broadcast real-time video and audio content over the internet. It plays a crucial role in enabling live streaming technology, which has become popular for events like sports, concerts, conferences, and personal live broadcast on platforms like Twitch or YouTube Live.

What is a video streaming server?

A streaming server is a specialized server that handles the delivery of video and audio content to viewers over the internet. To offer quality streaming, streaming servers process multimedia data under time constraints. This prevents any jerkiness or hindrance in the video delivery and playback.

A streaming server typically has 3 subsystems:

Communicator – It involves application layer and transport protocols which are implemented on the server. In other words, it manages the network communication between streaming servers and clients. It handles how the data flows over the network, ensuring smooth and uninterrupted streaming. It manages streaming protocols like HTTP, RTSP and aspects like buffering and bandwidth optimization.

Operating system – The OS provides the necessary environment for all the processes and applications to run within the server. It manages the server’s hardware resources such as memory, CPU. It includes optimizations to handle high volume of data throughput and connections which are common while streaming.

Storage System – Here the actual streamable content is stored. It needs to ensure fast and reliable access to the media files. It has an effective caching mechanism and redundancy to ensure high performance and availability.

Video streaming architecture

Video Compression

Video compression is crucial in streaming technology. It reduces the size of the video files, making them easier to transmit over the internet. Compression is achieved using codecs (encoder/decoder). Common codecs include H.264, H.265, and VP9. The process involves two key steps:

• Encoding – It compresses the video file, reducing its size without significantly compromising quality. This is done through techniques like inter-frame compression, which only stores changes from one frame to the next rather than entire frames.
• Decoding – On the user’s end, the compressed video is decompressed by the decoder to be viewed. Efficient compression balances file size reduction and video quality.

Application-Layer QoS Control

Quality of Service (QoS) at the application layer ensures a smooth streaming experience. It involves:

• Adaptive Bitrate Streaming – Dynamically adjusting video quality based on the user’s internet speed to prevent buffering.
• Network Monitoring – Continuously monitoring network conditions to adapt the stream accordingly.
• Resource Allocation – Prioritizing network resources for critical components of the stream to maintain quality.

Continuous Media Distribution Services

This section refers to the services that enable continuous, uninterrupted delivery of streaming content. Key elements include:

• Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) – Distributed network of servers that deliver content efficiently by caching it closer to the end-user.
• Load Balancing – Distributing network traffic across multiple servers to ensure stability and reduce latency.
  Redundancy – Implementing backup systems to avoid service interruptions.

Streaming Servers

Streaming servers are specialized servers designed to efficiently deliver streaming content. They handle:

• Client Requests – Managing simultaneous requests from a vast number of users.
• Data Transmission – Utilizing protocols like RTMP (Real-Time Messaging Protocol) or HLS (HTTP Live Streaming) for efficient data transmission.
• Storage and Retrieval – Storing large volumes of media and retrieving them quickly upon request.

Media Synchronization Mechanisms

Synchronization ensures the audio and video tracks play in harmony. This includes:

• Lip Sync – Matching audio with the corresponding video (especially speech).
• Frame Synchronization – Ensuring frames are displayed at the correct rate.
• Buffer Management – Balancing buffers to avoid delays between audio and video.

Types of streaming servers

Streaming servers are categorized based on the content they deliver, functionality, and technology they use.

Live streaming servers – These servers broadcast live events in real-time. The process includes live audio and video feeds, encoding and then transmitting over the internet.

On-demand streaming servers – These servers store pre-recorded videos and media files and deliver upon request from the user. The services include movie streaming, playing recorded sessions, podcasts and more.

Audio streaming servers – These servers are designed for audio content (streaming music, podcasts, radio broadcasts)

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Streaming Servers – Unlike traditional client-server approach, in P2P streaming, a peer simultaneously acts as a client and a server. A video can be downloaded from a set of peers and simultaneously uploaded to another peer set. This significantly reduces the bandwidth requirement.

Private Streaming Servers – Private servers have restricted access and more security. They are primarily used within organizations for training, webinars, and internal communications.

Functionality of a live streaming server

Live streaming is a complex process that transforms raw video data into a seamless viewing experience for users worldwide. Here’s an in-depth look at the technical steps involved:

Video Capture

The process begins with the video capture, where a camera records the visual information. This raw video data is then converted into digital data (1s and 0s) by the computing device connected to the camera.

Compression and Encoding

Next, the raw video data undergoes compression, which involves removing redundant visual information to reduce file size. For instance, a static background in a video doesn’t need to be repeatedly rendered for every frame, only the dynamic elements like a moving subject do.

Following compression, the data is encoded into a format that can be efficiently transmitted and interpreted by different devices. Common encoding standards include H.264, H.265, VP9, and AV1. These standards ensure that the video can be played on a variety of platforms and devices without compatibility issues.

Segmentation

Due to the large size of video data, it is divided into smaller, manageable segments, each a few seconds long. This segmentation allows for the video to be streamed continuously without requiring the entire file to be downloaded at once.

Content Delivery Network (CDN) Distribution and Caching

To deliver the video stream to a global audience efficiently, a Content Delivery Network (CDN) is employed. A CDN is a network of distributed servers that deliver content to users based on their geographic location, ensuring low latency and high performance. The CDN caches segments of the live stream, reducing the load on the origin server and ensuring that users receive data quickly, even when they are located far from the original source.

Decoding and Video Playback

Finally, the segmented, compressed, and encoded video data is sent to the viewer’s device via the CDN. The user’s device then decodes and decompresses this data. A media player—either within a browser or as a dedicated app—interprets this data and converts it back into visual information, allowing the viewer to watch the live stream in real time.

Additional Considerations

• Latency Management – The steps of compression, encoding, segmentation, and CDN caching are optimized to minimize latency, ensuring that the live stream is as close to real-time as possible.
• Error Handling – Live streaming protocols like HLS (HTTP Live Streaming) or DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP) are used to adjust the video quality in real-time based on the user’s network conditions, ensuring uninterrupted playback.

Live streaming server protocols and technologies

Streaming protocol is a set of rules governing how data travels from one device to another. For online video delivery, both streaming protocols and HTTP-based protocols are used. For example, RTMP offers fast video delivery while HTTP protocols optimize viewing experience.

RTMP

Adobe defines RTMP as “Adobe’s Real Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) provides a bidirectional message multiplex service over a reliable stream transport, such as TCP [RFC0793], intended to carry parallel streams of video, audio, and data messages, with associated timing information, between a pair of communicating peers.”

Flash player and RTMP were the main players for live streaming for many years. Even with the decline of Flash, still, RTMP encoders are the most used streaming protocol for ingest. Mostly, live video streams are initially encoded and later transcoded using a streaming server for content delivery to various devices and players. The most common live streaming workflows include RTMP and HLS.

HLS

Developed by Apple, HLS streaming is a widely used streaming protocol. It was originally used both for live streaming and on-demand video content over HTTP to iOS devices. Now, it is platform agnostic.

HLS is also an adaptive bitrate streaming protocol, meaning the video quality is adjusted in real-time as per the viewer’s internet speed. Initially, compared to RTMP, HLS had higher latency but later Apple introduced low-latency HLS that reduced latency to 2 seconds or less.

“Viewers spend significantly more time on live videos compared to on-demand content, with live videos capturing 10-20 times longer viewer engagement. Additionally, 50% of viewers will abandon a live stream if the video quality is poor within the first 90 seconds.”

Supported Codecs and Formats:

• Video Codecs – H.264, H.265/HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding).
• Audio Codecs – AAC (Advanced Audio Coding), MP3.
• Transport/Package Format – MPEG-2 TS (Transport Stream)

MPEG-DASH

Developed by Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG), MPEG-DASH is an alternative to HLS. Being open-source, it is highly customizable for audio and video codecs. It supports adaptive bitrate (ABR) protocol, delivering best quality video as per the viewer’s network connectivity.

MPEG-DASH allows use of any encoding standard unlike HLS that requires H.264 or H.265. Also, iOS devices cannot play video that is delivered over MPEG-DASH.

Similar to other streaming protocols, MPEG-DASH breaks video into small chunks that are transmitted over HTTP.

• Chunked Transfer Encoding – In this method, as soon as the segment of a video chunk is ready, it is sent to the client. In other protocols, there is a wait time for the entire segment to be encoded and packaged before sending. This approach significantly reduces latency and makes MPEG-DASH an ideal streaming protocol for live streaming.
• No minimum queue required – DASH doesn’t require a minimum number of segments to be queued before playback can start. This lowers latency because the video can begin playing as soon as enough data has been received, rather than waiting for a larger buffer to fill up.
• Codec Agnostics – MPEG-DASH is not tied to any specific video codec. A codec is a method for encoding and decoding video and audio data.

Video Codec	Advantages	Drawbacks
H.264/AVC	Extensive compatibility across devices.	Not the forefront of compression technologies.
H.265/HEVC	Capable of 8K video resolution support.	Encoding process can be up to four times slower than H.264.
AV1	Cutting-edge and open-source codec.	Wide-scale support still pending.
VP9	Predecessor to AV1 without licensing fees.	Superseded by AV1.
H.266/VVC	Designed as an improvement over H.265.	Inherits the royalty challenges of H.265.

Setting up a live streaming server

Hardware requirements

Processing power – live streaming is a highly resource intensive process. To As the number of concurrent streams and resolution increases, the CPU consumption for video encoding in real-time increases. We then need powerful CPU.
Storage – To ensure smooth operation, adequate storage and RAM is required. SSDs are preferred for faster data access.
Network interface – The server should be highly reliable and have robust internet connectivity for faster data transmission.

Software and Platform selection

Operating System – Choose between Windows Server, Linux, or other server operating systems based on compatibility with your streaming software and your own expertise.
Streaming Software – Open-source software like OBS Studio (for encoding) and NGINX with RTMP module (for server-side streaming). If you want know more about how to use obs studio, you can check the blog linked.
Codec Selection – Choose the right codec (e.g., H.264, H.265) based on a balance between quality and required bandwidth.

Server configuration and optimization

Network Configuration – Ensure that your network settings, including firewalls and port forwarding, are configured to allow uninterrupted streaming.
Software Configuration – Set up your streaming software. This involves configuring input sources (e.g., cameras, microphones). Setting up encoding options, including resolution, bitrate, and frame rate.
Configuring the streaming protocol (e.g., RTMP, HLS) and stream destinations (e.g., YouTube, Twitch, or a CDN).
Security – Implement security measures like encryption, access controls, and, if necessary, a VPN.
Testing: Before going live, conduct thorough testing to ensure everything works seamlessly. Check for stream quality, latency, and stability.
Optimization – Based on the testing, optimize settings like bitrate and encoding options for the best performance. Monitor CPU and memory usage to ensure the server is not overburdened.
Scaling – Plan for scalability, especially if you expect a large number of viewers. This might involve setting up load balancing or using a CDN.

Live streaming server issues and troubleshooting

Buffering and Latency

Issue – Buffering occurs when the stream pauses to load more content, leading to a poor viewing experience. Latency refers to the delay between the live event and what the viewers see.
Causes – Insufficient bandwidth, high server load, poor network conditions, or incorrect streaming settings.

Solutions

• Use adaptive bitrate streaming to adjust the quality based on the viewer’s bandwidth.
• Implement a Content Delivery Network (CDN) to reduce latency by serving content from servers closer to the user.
• Optimize encoding settings and reduce video resolution or bitrate if necessary.

Server Overload

Issue – When too many users try to access the stream simultaneously, it can overload the server, leading to crashes or significant performance degradation.
Causes – Underestimating the audience size, inadequate server resources, or not using a CDN.

Solutions

• Scale server resources based on expected traffic, using cloud-based solutions if necessary.
• Distribute the load with a CDN to handle traffic spikes.
• Implement load balancing across multiple servers.

Poor Video Quality

Issue – Viewers experience low-resolution video, pixelation, or other quality issues that detract from the viewing experience.
Causes – Insufficient bitrate, poor encoding settings, or bandwidth limitations.

Solutions

• Ensure that the video is encoded at an appropriate bitrate for the resolution.
• Use high-efficiency video codecs like H.265 to maintain quality at lower bitrates.
• Optimize the network to reduce packet loss and jitter.

Synchronization Issues

Issue – Audio and video are out of sync, leading to a disjointed viewer experience.
Causes – Incorrect encoding settings, network issues, or server delays.

Solutions

• Ensure that audio and video are encoded with the same timestamp reference.
• Use tools to monitor and correct any drift between audio and video during the stream.
• Check network stability to ensure consistent data transmission.

Security Concerns

Issue – Unauthorized access to streams, content piracy, or stream hijacking can occur if security measures are not in place.
Causes – Lack of encryption, weak authentication protocols, or not using secure streaming protocols.

Solutions

• Implement DRM (Digital Rights Management) and token-based authentication to control access.
• Use secure streaming protocols like RTMPS (Real-Time Messaging Protocol Secure).
• Encrypt video data to protect it from interception during transmission.

Compatibility Issues

Issue – Streams may not work properly across all devices or browsers, leading to accessibility problems for some users.
Causes – Incompatibility between streaming protocols, codecs, and certain devices or browsers.

Solutions

• Use widely supported streaming formats like HLS (HTTP Live Streaming) for broad compatibility.
• Test streams across different devices and browsers to identify and resolve issues.
• Consider providing multiple streaming options (e.g., different resolutions, protocols) to accommodate various devices.

Content Delivery Network (CDN) Failures

Issue – CDN outages or malfunctions can disrupt the delivery of the live stream to viewers.
Causes – CDN server failures, network disruptions, or incorrect configuration.

Solutions

• Choose a reliable CDN provider with a strong uptime record.
• Implement failover strategies to switch to an alternative CDN if the primary one fails.
• Monitor CDN performance in real-time to quickly address any issues.

Difficulty in Scaling

Issue – As the audience grows, the server may struggle to scale efficiently, leading to performance issues.
Causes – Fixed server resources, lack of automated scaling, or insufficient infrastructure.

Solutions

• Use cloud-based streaming solutions that offer auto-scaling features.
• Implement horizontal scaling by adding more servers to distribute the load.
• Regularly assess and upgrade server infrastructure to meet growing demands.

Firewall and Network Configuration Issues

Issue – Incorrect firewall or network settings can block streaming traffic, causing connectivity problems.
Causes – Overly restrictive firewall settings, NAT issues, or misconfigured network routes.

Solutions

• Ensure that the necessary ports for streaming protocols are open on the firewall.
• Configure Network Address Translation (NAT) settings properly to allow traffic to pass through.
• Test network configurations thoroughly to identify and resolve issues before going live.

Software Bugs and Updates

Issue – Bugs in streaming software can cause crashes or unexpected behavior during a live stream.
Causes – Outdated software, lack of testing, or conflicts with other applications.

Solutions

• Keep all streaming software and servers updated to the latest versions.
• Test the entire streaming setup in a staging environment before going live.
• Monitor logs and use automated alerts to detect and resolve issues quickly

Network considerations for live streaming

Bandwidth consumption

Live video streaming consumes significantly higher bandwidth. The requirement depends on the stream’s resolution, compression and frame rate. For example, streaming at 1080p might require 4-5Mbps, while a 4k stream might need upwards of 20Mbps. Make sure the network handles maximum bandwidth requirement without hindering simultaneous internet usage.

Upload speed

The upload speed determines how much data you can send to the internet per second. Higher upload speeds allow for higher quality video and audio streams.
With a faster upload speed, you can stream at higher resolutions (like 1080p or 4K) and higher bitrates, which translates to clearer, more detailed images and better sound quality.

“Live stream shopping events are expected to generate $25 billion in sales by the end of 2023, highlighting the growing integration of commerce within live streaming.”

Latency

Low latency is essential for real-time interaction between the streamer and the audience. In interactive streams, like Q&A sessions, gaming, auctions, or live events, high latency can disrupt the flow of conversation and engagement. The closer the stream is to real-time, the more engaged the audience can be, as they can react to and interact with the content as it happens.

Content Delivery Network (CDN)

For reaching a wider audience, especially geographically dispersed, a CDN can distribute the load, reduce latency, and improve the overall viewing experience. CDNs work by caching the stream on multiple servers located closer to different viewers. During high-traffic events, a CDN can distribute the load among multiple servers, preventing any single server from becoming overwhelmed. This ensures consistent streaming quality even when viewer numbers are high.

FAQs

Which server is best for live streaming?

The best server for your live streaming website depends on your specific needs, such as the number of viewers, stream quality, and budget. Cloud-based solutions like Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Google Cloud Platform (GCP) are also highly regarded for their scalability and reliability.

What is a streaming server?

A streaming server is a specialized server that distributes audio and video content to viewers over the internet. Unlike traditional download servers, streaming servers allow users to view content in real-time without downloading the entire file first. They are optimized to manage large, continuous data flows essential for streaming media.

What is streaming server price?

The cost of a streaming server can vary widely. A basic setup using open-source software like OBS Studio can be relatively inexpensive, mainly requiring a capable computer and internet connection. Professional-grade servers can cost from a few hundred to several thousand dollars, depending on the features and scale. Cloud-based solutions often operate on a pay-as-you-go model, where costs depend on usage and bandwidth.